Author Topic: AAS Studies/Literature & Newbie Cycle Info  (Read 284979 times)

Emmortal

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Re: Thinking about doing steroids?? READ THIS!! Newbie Info
« Reply #100 on: August 19, 2008, 11:02:02 AM »
Norma is some of the best stuff there is dude...

8)

If it's real, unfortunately they are faked more often than not.

Overload

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Re: Thinking about doing steroids?? READ THIS!! Newbie Info
« Reply #101 on: August 19, 2008, 11:42:09 AM »
If it's real, unfortunately they are faked more often than not.

Yes, and it is getting much worse.

8)

Wahawk

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Re: Thinking about doing steroids?? READ THIS!! Newbie Info
« Reply #102 on: October 06, 2008, 06:19:58 AM »
I have a couple questions, if you have time I would love to get some expert feedback
 
As far as Winny, I was thinking of starting an 8 week cycle soon but I have seen some conflicting information.
 
1) I know that Winny is generally used as a cutting steroid and I am fine with that. But I have seen some profiles that recommend coupling with Test E if you wanted to see more gains in mass. Would this be effective?
              A) If so what dosage would you recommend with the stack?
 
2) I have also seen recommendations for 3cc's a week instead of 50mg's a day? This is what I would rather do but wondering what your take was.
 
3) I also saw Deca recommended as a stack for size, Deca has some great properties and I would like to use it just for the ease in joint pain and what not but would I increase my chances of sexual side effects? IE decrease sex drive? Deca dick...
 
4) If both deca and test would be good for increased gains which is better?
 
I definitely want the cutting properties and getting lean is pretty important to me, but if I could couple that with some mass building obviously that would be ideal, just wondering if you guys had any thoughts to help me out.

Arnold jr

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Re: Thinking about doing steroids?? READ THIS!! Newbie Info
« Reply #103 on: October 06, 2008, 11:21:41 PM »
I have a couple questions, if you have time I would love to get some expert feedback
 
As far as Winny, I was thinking of starting an 8 week cycle soon but I have seen some conflicting information.
 
1) I know that Winny is generally used as a cutting steroid and I am fine with that. But I have seen some profiles that recommend coupling with Test E if you wanted to see more gains in mass. Would this be effective?
              A) If so what dosage would you recommend with the stack?
 
2) I have also seen recommendations for 3cc's a week instead of 50mg's a day? This is what I would rather do but wondering what your take was.
 
3) I also saw Deca recommended as a stack for size, Deca has some great properties and I would like to use it just for the ease in joint pain and what not but would I increase my chances of sexual side effects? IE decrease sex drive? Deca dick...
 
4) If both deca and test would be good for increased gains which is better?
 
I definitely want the cutting properties and getting lean is pretty important to me, but if I could couple that with some mass building obviously that would be ideal, just wondering if you guys had any thoughts to help me out.


You need to pick one, either getting leaner or bulking up more...steroids do not posses the magic ability to give you massive amounts of both...don't believe the hype.

Certain steroids are often used in cutting cycle rather then bulking cycles, but there are no technical "cutting" steroids. You can get lean on just about anything.

Test and deca are both solid drugs, but they are not similar or nor does one replace the other. If you pick just one, go with test, much safer and effective for what you're wanting. Deca alone can often give you the side effects you're concerned with...test alone cannot. Now test with deca is a good stack.

Winny, can be used bulking or cutting effectively. Now by saying you want to run 3cc's a wk, well this doesn't clarify an amount. Most injectable winny is dosed at 50mg/ml so in most cases 3cc would equal 150mg. But some winny is dosed higher so you need to know the dosage of the winny you have.

Emmortal

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Re: Thinking about doing steroids?? READ THIS!! Newbie Info
« Reply #104 on: October 06, 2008, 11:37:52 PM »
Winny, can be used bulking or cutting effectively. Now by saying you want to run 3cc's a wk, well this doesn't clarify an amount. Most injectable winny is dosed at 50mg/ml so in most cases 3cc would equal 150mg. But some winny is dosed higher so you need to know the dosage of the winny you have.

Wahawk, one thing I'd add about using Winny in a bulk is that it tends to dry your joints out for a lot of guys which typically means bye bye to heavy lifting.  I'm not even a fan of using it in a cut either, but that's just me personally.  You really can't know how it will effect you until you run it, everyone reacts differently to compounds.  But just keep that in mind for future reference.

the Chance

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Re: Thinking about doing steroids?? READ THIS!! Newbie Info
« Reply #105 on: October 14, 2008, 04:29:06 PM »
im thinking about trying a cycle. I know alittle about them but would like to know alittle more..iv done them before but not very long********************************EDIT*****************************

dirt

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Re: Thinking about doing steroids?? READ THIS!! Newbie Info
« Reply #106 on: October 18, 2008, 12:26:09 PM »
ok ive done all the reading and im sure i would like to try a newbie cycle im 39 5'9 175 cut north of chicago but not making any gains anymore at least very little can someone give me some advise on how to get started

c3474

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Re: Thinking about doing steroids?? READ THIS!! Newbie Info
« Reply #107 on: October 22, 2008, 08:50:15 PM »
Awesome info, I am very grateful for this board and this post!

Wahawk

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Re: Thinking about doing steroids?? READ THIS!! Newbie Info
« Reply #108 on: October 24, 2008, 05:21:13 PM »
Guys,
Is winny supposed to be a milky color? the brand is British Dragon.

Thanks as always.

Wahawk

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Re: Thinking about doing steroids?? READ THIS!! Newbie Info
« Reply #109 on: October 24, 2008, 05:29:07 PM »
Sorry, forgot.
I don't have any experience with the little 50ml bullet looking capsules. How do you go about getting the gear into a syringe with those?

Thanks

Arnold jr

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Re: Thinking about doing steroids?? READ THIS!! Newbie Info
« Reply #110 on: October 24, 2008, 11:09:31 PM »
Guys,
Is winny supposed to be a milky color? the brand is British Dragon.

Thanks as always.
Yes

Sorry, forgot.
I don't have any experience with the little 50ml bullet looking capsules. How do you go about getting the gear into a syringe with those?

Thanks
What?

Wahawk

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Re: Thinking about doing steroids?? READ THIS!! Newbie Info
« Reply #111 on: October 25, 2008, 02:30:42 AM »
Thanks Arnold Jr,
They are the amps, thats what I meant. I guess you bust the cap off and put it into the syringe. Never mind.

GrizzlyBear

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Re: Thinking about doing steroids?? READ THIS!! Newbie Info
« Reply #112 on: October 30, 2008, 02:45:51 PM »
So this may sound stupid to some people but I just recently started thinking of steroids and im set on starting a cycle of Anavar(Oxandrolone) and most people suggest between 20-100mg/day for it to really work to its full potential...so if i wanna take about 60-80mg/day and they come in 10mg tabs would that mean that I would need to take 8 tabs at the same time to get my 80mg/day or do i spread it out equally through out the day

chris-a

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Re: Thinking about doing steroids?? READ THIS!! Newbie Info
« Reply #113 on: November 14, 2008, 01:06:04 PM »
80mgs a day is good. spread the dose throughout the day, preferably with meals. don't forget, tho mild, anavar can still affect your natural test - have your pct pre-planned. not otc either...

4thAD

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Re: Thinking about doing steroids?? READ THIS!! Newbie Info
« Reply #114 on: November 18, 2008, 11:30:46 AM »
Thanks Arnold Jr,
They are the amps, thats what I meant. I guess you bust the cap off and put it into the syringe. Never mind.

You break the top off of the amp then draw the gear out with the syringe.

4thAD

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Re: Thinking about doing steroids?? READ THIS!! Newbie Info
« Reply #115 on: November 27, 2008, 08:43:01 AM »
Always run a PCT. You will get shut down even from var. Maybe not as much, but it still shuts you down. Provirion will shut you down to an extent.

BatistaSL

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Re: Thinking about doing steroids?? READ THIS!! Newbie Info
« Reply #116 on: December 12, 2008, 06:20:26 PM »
Good info..thanks AJ and all..

4thAD

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Re: AAS Studies/Links/Literature
« Reply #117 on: January 14, 2009, 01:56:49 PM »
Interesting study on the bioavailability of HCG with IM and SubQ injections.

http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/11/2294

Emmortal

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Re: AAS Studies/Links/Literature
« Reply #118 on: January 30, 2009, 11:50:06 AM »
Good read, grabbed from another board:

The Pharmacology Of Anabolic Steroids

Written by By Dan Gwartney, MD
Wednesday, 28 January 2009

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are immensely popular with athletes and individuals interested in building muscle mass because they are reliable and effective.1 Much like any other drug, licit or illicit, patients or users can easily administer the drug(s) and readily predict the body’s response with the slightest degree of experience. Sadly, because AAS are so simple, most users fail to even attempt to understand how the drugs work and why different AAS provide different results. Further, safety is rarely considered until a problem occurs.


Pharmacology is the study of the factors involved with how a drug enters and works in the body, the various ways the cells and systems regulate the processes affected and how the body clears the drug. Despite the fact that AAS are based upon an endogenous hormone (testosterone) and have been utilized as a pharmaceutical product for over 50 years, the complete pharmacology of AAS remains undetermined, even though a significant number of men suffer from symptoms of androgen deficiency, with associated health consequences including cardiovascular disease and earlier mortality.2-4 Fortunately, there is a substantial body of published research in the field, nicely reviewed by Dr. Andrew Kicman of the Department of Forensic Science and Drug Monitoring at King’s College London (England) in the British Journal of Pharmacology.5 While the collective knowledge in the field of AAS is incomplete (as it is with every other drug, such being the nature of science), it is sufficient to develop a working understanding of AAS and suggest potential research to improve safety and efficacy.


Kicman’s review is organized in excellent fashion and comprehensively referenced. Those truly interested in learning about AAS, which should include anyone using or prescribing such drugs (licitly or illicitly), would be well-served to read the review. The British Journal of Pharmacology has provided free access to the article at their website: http://www.nature.com/bjp/journal/v154/n3/...bjp2008165a.pdf.

As has been stated repeatedly, AAS contain or are derivatives of the natural male sex hormone, testosterone. Knowing this, it is not surprising that AAS affect a myriad of tissues which respond to testosterone, including: reproductive tissues, muscle, bone, hair follicles, liver, kidneys, brain, white and red blood cells. These effects are usually divided into androgenic (referring to masculinization) and anabolic (primarily protein building in muscle and bone). As the effects of AAS on fetal development, pre-adolescents and females add greatly to the complexity of the topic, this article is restricted to the effects of AAS on post-pubescent males.

Skeletal Muscle, Testosterone And Hypertrophy
The effects of AAS on specific tissue-types (fat cells versus muscle versus brain, etc.) depend in part on how that tissue enzymatically processes androgens and whether a particular AAS is protected against such enzyme “attacks.”6 In tissue related to the reproductive system, testosterone acts as a prohormone, being converted to the more androgenic DHT by the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase, as happens in the prostate; similarly, testosterone is converted to estradiol (an estrogen) in breast tissue and fat cells by the enzyme aromatase. Many tissues convert testosterone into both DHT and estradiol (i.e., brain, bone).


However, the primary tissue of interest, relative to AAS use for physique or performance improvement, is skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle includes the familiar biceps, pecs, quads and other muscles that aid in movement. Two other classes of muscle include smooth muscle, which is present in the gut and blood vessels, the second being cardiac (heart) muscle. AAS may affect these other two types, particularly the heart, but these effects are outside the scope of this article. Skeletal muscle does not contain detectable levels of 5a-reductase, but does have significant aromatase activity.7,8 Thus, testosterone is the primary androgen responsible for muscle hypertrophy; the role of estrogen in skeletal muscle remains unknown at this time.


Testosterone affects the muscle cell by activating genomic and non-genomic targets. The genomic effects of testosterone involve the classically understood mechanism of testosterone entering the cytoplasm (the inside of the cell), binding with an androgen receptor (AR) and traveling together into the nucleus of the cell. Once in the nucleus, the testosterone-AR complex turns on or off specific genes (segments of DNA), resulting in muscle cell hypertrophy (growth). However, the genomic signaling is not so simple. Every cell contains varying concentrations of co-regulators which can promote or inhibit the ability of the testosterone-AR complex to activate genes.9 Unfortunately, this is an area that is poorly understood, so until further research emerges, the relative importance of these co-regulators remains unclear.


Testosterone can also affect receptors and enzymes directly. Receptors imbedded in the membrane or in the cytoplasm can be activated by testosterone and have a near-immediate effect on cell function and behavior.10,11 This is most evident in mating-related or risk-taking behaviors. Researchers at Lehigh University recently published a study demonstrating that the reflexive testosterone release of male mice in mating situations directly and rapidly increased arousal and mounting of a receptive female.12 In other words, when a new, sexually receptive female was introduced into a male mouse’s pen, his body produced a surge of testosterone that made him more quickly get aroused and mount the female. Additionally, reductions in anxiety and pain perception have been reported, as well as increases in behavior-reward association.13 This effect has not been as directly measured in humans, but advertising executives have been aware of a similar phenomenon in men for centuries. Sociologists and neurologists have confirmed that men will take greater sexual and financial risks (i.e., failing to use a condom, gambling) when sexually aroused or even when simply presented with an erotic image.14,15

Clearly, the near-immediate response seen in such situations and replicated by injecting a rapidly available form of testosterone in mice, requires a much faster mechanism than the genomic effects of testosterone provide.16 Genomic changes take hours to days to manifest, while non-genomic take seconds to minutes.


A third avenue by which AAS appear to promote muscle growth is by inhibiting the catabolism (muscle wasting) caused by cortisol and other glucocorticoids. The balance between anabolism (muscle building) and catabolism (muscle wasting) is generally attributed to the testosterone-cortisol ratio; of course, there are many other factors involved.17 Testosterone is generally considered to promote anabolism, while cortisol promotes catabolism. However, there is some research supporting the idea that testosterone may also reduce catabolism, either by attaching to the glucocorticoid (cortisol) receptor and blocking the catabolic effect or reducing the concentration of glucocorticoid receptors by turning down the “manufacturing” signal from the nucleus (DNA).5

Chemical Structure Of AAS
AAS differ from testosterone by minor changes in the chemical structure that can dramatically affect the absorption, androgenicity, metabolism, receptor affinity, conformation of the AAS-AR complex and potency of each specific AAS. Testosterone is not a drug that can be taken orally because it is rapidly degraded and eliminated by enzymes in the intestines and liver.18 However, when the 17-carbon is bound to a small carbon chain (17a-alkylation), the AAS is protected from these enzymes. Unfortunately, 17a-alkylated AAS are associated with liver damage and potentially life-threatening tumors, as well as negative changes in (good) HDL cholesterol.19 Certain AAS will place a double-bond at the 1-carbon which provides some, but less, protection from degradation. The prototypical oral AAS, Dianabol, combined with the use of 17a-alkylation and a 1-carbon double bond; oral-turinabol, the AAS most commonly used by East Germany during their era of Olympic dominance, adds a chlorine to the 5-carbon, conferring further protection. Certainly, there are many other possible modifications but these represent the more commonly encountered oral AAS. The effects of oral AAS are short-lived, as they are cleared in a matter of hours.


Common injectable AAS are naturally produced androgens (testosterone, nortestosterone, boldenone) that are bound to a fatty acid by an ester bond at the 17-carbon. Rather than protecting against enzymes, as the 17a-alkylated AAS are, the 17b-esters merely increase the time that the bound AAS remains in an oil globule, after injection, before it circulates through the body. Once an AAS-ester hits the bloodstream, the fatty acid is rapidly split off by enzymes called esterases. A long fatty acid makes the AAS more lipid-soluble and it will disperse from the injected oil depot more slowly (days to weeks). Without the addition of an ester, injected testosterone will clear the system in a matter of hours.


AAS can also be placed into gels or patches containing permeation-enhancers that allow the AAS to be absorbed across the skin or the gum/cheeks of the mouth.20 Intranasal testosterone is also being developed, as the lining of the nose and airways is also an effective site for absorption.21 AAS absorbed across skin or mucosa does not need to be modified. Transdermal and mucosal testosterone do not maintain elevated concentrations for long after the application (patch, gel or spray) has been removed. Thus, they are applied daily.

In the body, the various AAS do not provide identical responses to testosterone or each other. The major differences are generally believed to be due to whether the AAS used can be converted into estrogen via the aromatase pathway, DHT via 5a-reductase, both or neither.6 Even the non-steroidal SARMs (meaning they are not based upon testosterone) being developed by numerous pharmaceutical companies (still) seeking to dissociate anabolic from androgenic effects are believed to be less androgenic, because they are not affected by 5a-reductase.6 Drugs that 5a-reductase can convert are typically changed into more androgenic metabolites, leading to hair loss, acne and prostate enlargement. 19-Nortestosterone (nandrolone, Deca) is the exception to this rule, as it actually converts to a less androgenic compound.22 AAS that can be 5a-reduced typically provide less dramatic mass and strength gains, may be associated with joint pain, but tend to result in “higher quality” gains, as there is little water retention and fat loss appears to be enhanced.


AAS that can be aromatized tend to provide greater mass and strength gains, but also predispose users to increased water retention and fat gain. These effects could logically be anticipated, as skeletal muscle does not contain 5a-reductase but does produce aromatase, suggesting that the more androgenic DHT is not the preferred anabolic androgen, rather testosterone appears to be so. Also, the encoded production of estradiol in muscle suggests that aromatizable AAS provide supplementary stimuli, promoting growth that would not be generated by 5a-reduced or poorly aromatizable AAS. In fact, the poorly aromatizable 19-nortestosterone (Deca) provides lesser mass and strength gains than testosterone despite having a much higher anabolic:androgenic ratio.

Nuclei: The “Foreman” Of Muscle Growth
It is also important to note the difference in effect of various AAS at non-skeletal muscle tissue. Satellite cells are stem-cell like in that they allow for the growth of muscle tissue. Rather than increasing cell number though, satellite cells enter existing skeletal muscle cells and add to the number of nuclei. This makes little sense at first, as one would think the addition of more muscle cells would be of greater benefit than cells with more than one nucleus, especially since nearly every other cell in the body has only one nucleus (the DNA center). However, it has been shown that skeletal muscle size is directly related to the number of nuclei present in a cell; more so, the nuclei function best if they are located in the center of the cell.23 When satellite cells add nuclei to the skeletal muscle cell, the potential for growth is increased. Confusing as this is, consider each nucleus a foreman who can only manage 10 laborers; if a company wants to increase production, it cannot simply add more laborers but must also add foremen. Thus, for every additional foreman, the company can grow by 10 more laborers. Without adding foremen, the additional laborers would not know what jobs to perform and the company would not grow.


Satellite cells exist between muscle fibers, but do not migrate into muscle cells without being prompted by mechanical and hormonal signals, such as weight training and AAS. Satellite cells come from a pool of even more primitive cell types, referred to as pluripotent stem cells. This long term describes cells that can become more than one type of cell. In this specific case, these pluripotent stem cells can become skeletal muscle or fat cells. To no one’s surprise, when exposed to threshold concentrations of testosterone or certain other AAS, pluripotent stem cells begin the process of becoming myogenic (meaning progressing toward becoming skeletal muscle) as opposed to adipogenic (or becoming fat cells). Thus, in an environment of higher androgen:estrogen presence, changes in the stem cell pool would promote muscle growth and reduce the predisposition toward gaining fat.24


Many people find it difficult to understand the relevance of AR (androgen receptor) binding, as AAS with a higher AR-affinity (meaning how tightly they connect with the androgen receptor) are not necessarily more potent at promoting anabolic or androgenic effects. DHT has a higher AR-affinity than testosterone, but is less effective at promoting muscle growth; 19-nortestosterone has a higher affinity than testosterone, but is less effective in generating androgen-based changes in the prostate. In part, this may be due to the co-regulators mentioned earlier. Very few of these co-regulators have been identified and none are well understood. In each type of tissue (prostate, skeletal muscle, skin, heart, etc.), there are different co-regulators, accounting for many of the differences seen among various tissue types.25 The co-regulators attach onto the AAS-AR complex and help or hinder the complex attaching onto and activating the androgen-sensitive genes in the DNA.26 To attach onto the AAS-AR complex, the co-regulators look for a specific shift in the shape of the molecule, anticipating the openings that would be present if testosterone or DHT combined with the AR. When a synthetic AAS attaches, the AAS-AR may not shift completely, failing to generate the necessary opening for the co-regulators.
In the absence of a complete AAS-AR-co-regulator complex, the genes may not be stimulated to the same degree, if at all. As a number of genes are turned on by testosterone-AR, the possibility exists that changes may be seen in certain genes being activated while others proceed as if the AAS is a completely natural hormone. As stated, this is an area just beginning to be understood and will undoubtedly provide future advancements in this area.

All AAS Are Not Created Equal
In summary, though the class of drugs is primarily based upon the male sex hormone testosterone, AAS cannot be viewed as simply substituting or even increasing the natural production of testosterone. Testosterone, which is regulated through a negative feedback system (meaning if too much is produced, the manufacturing signal from the brain is reduced), pulses throughout the day several times, giving a peak-and-valley rhythm, with highs being two to three times the lows.27 Testosterone can be converted into metabolites with greater estrogenic or androgenic properties, depending upon the tissue the hormone reaches. Once the signal has been generated, the body deactivates and clears these hormones to ready the body for the next signal. These signals can be rapid, acting through non-genomic pathways, directly altering receptor sensitivity, enzymes or ion channeling; such actions occur in seconds to minutes and do not always require the androgen to enter the cell. Slower but more permanent responses are typically generated when testosterone (or a metabolite) combines with an androgen receptor, the pair then connecting co-regulators present in the cell before traveling to the cell nucleus (DNA center) where specific genes are activated or suppressed. Testosterone may also partially block the catabolic response to cortisol by competing with the glucocorticoid receptor or reducing a cell’s production of glucocorticoid receptors.


When minor alterations are made to testosterone (or related steroids), these changes affect how the body processes and responded to the drug. AAS can be taken orally if protected against the “first-pass clearance” of the liver and intestines, provide elevated concentrations for weeks to months when injected as a long-chain ester, or absorb across the skin or mucosal membrane of the mouth or nose. AAS are reliably anabolic, but the effects vary depending upon the drug used. Some carry significant androgenic potential, possibly leading to hair loss or urinary retention; others are more estrogenic and may stimulate the growth of breast tissue in men or promote water retention and fat gain. Skeletal muscle is stimulated rapidly but the majority of anabolic processes are based upon the activation of growth-promoting genes in the cell nucleus.
AAS must bind with the androgen receptor and combine with co-regulators to generate this anabolic stimulation. However, if the chemical changes made to the AAS alter the shape of the androgen receptor significantly, then the co-regulators may not be able to effectively combine with the AAS-AR complex and gene stimulation may be reduced or fail. Maximal skeletal muscle growth cannot be achieved unless the cell incorporates additional nuclei, which are provided by satellite cells. Satellite cells are prompted to combine with muscle cells under the influence of androgens and other cell factors produced by exercise. Satellite cells arise from pluripotent stem cells, which can become either fat cells or muscle cells. In an androgen-rich environment, pluripotent stem cells are influenced toward muscle development and away from fat development. This may account for some of the “cutting” effect seen with non-aromatizable AAS.


Clearly, there is much to digest in this article, but also a recognition of much still to be learned. Unquestionably, all AAS are not created equal and the tendency for regulators, researchers and the media to regard all AAS as the same is dangerous and misguided. As with any class of drug, simple molecular changes can result in drastically different responses and unanticipated benefits or risks. Science and athletes should each take heed of the lessons learned by the other to better direct future research. There are benefits and risks in using AAS. Until more specific information arises, the use of these agents should be monitored closely by health care professionals. Certainly, there are benefits to individuals and society in treating the relatively common androgen deficiency seen in adult males. Whereas testosterone replacement therapy will likely remain the cornerstone of such therapy, there is likely a place for the directed use of specific AAS, such as 19-nortestosterone. Recreational users and those involved in sports doping should approach the decision to use AAS with appropriate caution from a “health” point-of-view, recognizing also the social and legal consequences of illicit use.


Emmortal

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Re: AAS Studies/Links/Literature
« Reply #119 on: January 30, 2009, 11:52:53 AM »
References:
1. Kadi F. Cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the action of testosterone on human skeletal muscle. A basis for illegal performance enhancement. Br J Pharmacol, 2008;15:522-8.

2. Araujo AB, Esche GR, et al. Prevalence of symptomatic androgen deficiency in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2007;92:4241-7.

3. Kalyani RR, Dobs AS. Androgen deficiency, diabetes, and the Metabolic Syndrome in men. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes, 2007;14:226-34.

4. Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Low serum testosterone and mortality in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2008;93:68-75.

5. Kicman AT. Pharmacology of anabolic steroids. Br J Pharmacol, 2008;154:502-21.

6. Gao W, Dalton JT. Ockham's razor and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs): are we overlooking the role of 5alpha-reductase? Mol Interv, 2007;7:10-3.

7. Thigpen AE, Silver RI, et al. Tissue distribution and ontogeny of steroid 5 alpha-reductase isozyme expression. J Clin Invest, 1993;92:903-10.

8. Larionov AA, Vasyliev DA, et al. Aromatase in skeletal muscle. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 2003;84:485-92.

9. Weigel NL, Moore NL. Steroid receptor phosphorylation: a key modulator of multiple receptor functions. Mol Endocrinol, 2007;21:2311-9.

10. Foradori CD, Weiser MJ, et al. Non-genomic actions of androgens. Front Neuroendocrinol, 2008;29:169-81.

11. Rahman F, Christian HC. Non-classical actions of testosterone: an update. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 2007;18:371-8.

12. James PJ, Nyby JG, et al. Sexually stimulated testosterone release in male mice (Mus musculus): roles of genotype and sexual arousal. Horm Behav, 2006;50:424-31.

13. Nyby JG. Reflexive testosterone release: a model system for studying the nongenomic effects of testosterone upon male behavior. Front Neuroendocrinol, 2008;29:199-210.

14. Bancroft J, Janssen E, et al. Sexual activity and risk taking in young heterosexual men: the relevance of sexual arousability, mood, and sensation seeking. J Sex Res, 2004;41:181-92.

15. Knutson B, Wimmer GE, et al. Nucleus accumbens activation mediates the influence of reward cues on financial risk taking. Neuroreport, 2008;19:509-13.

16. James PJ, Nyby JG. Testosterone rapidly affects the expression of copulatory behavior in house mice (Mus musculus). Physiol Behav, 2002;75:287-94.

17. Urhausen A, Gabriel H, et al. Blood hormones as markers of training stress and overtraining. Sports Med, 1995;20:251-76.

18. Letendre L, Scott M, et al. Evaluating barriers to bioavailability in vivo: validation of a technique for separately assessing gastrointestinal absorption and hepatic extraction. Pharm Res, 2004;21:1457-62.

19. Welder AA, Robertson JW, et al. Toxic effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids in primary rat hepatic cell cultures. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods, 1995;33:187-95.

20. Ohebshalom M, Mulhall JP. Transdermal and topical pharmacotherapy for male sexual dysfunction. Expert Opin Drug Deliv, 2005;2:115-20.

21. Topic B, Tavares MC, et al. Prolonged effects of intra-nasally administered testosterone on proceptive behavior in female capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Behav Brain Res, 2007;179:60-8.

22. Toth M, Zakar T. Relative binding affinities of testosterone, 19-nortestosterone and their 5 alpha-reduced derivatives to the androgen receptor and to other androgen-binding proteins: a suggested role of 5 alpha-reductive steroid metabolism in the dissociation of "myotropic" and "androgenic" activities of 19-nortestosterone. J Steroid Biochem, 1982;17:653-60.

23. Allen DL, Roy RR, et al. Myonuclear domains in muscle adaptation and disease. Muscle Nerve, 1999;22:1350-60.

24. Bhasin S, Taylor WE, et al. The mechanisms of androgen effects on body composition: mesenchymal pluripotent cell as the target of androgen action. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2003;58:M1103-10.

25. Meyer R, Wolf SS, et al. PRMT2, a member of the protein arginine methyltransferase family, is a coactivator of the androgen receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol,2007;107:1-14.

26. Obendorf M, Meyer R, et al. FoxG1, a member of the forkhead family, is a corepressor of the androgen receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 2007;104:195-207.

27. Davison SL, Bell R. Androgen physiology. Semin Reprod Med, 2006;24:71-7.

DIVISION

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Re: AAS Studies/Links/Literature
« Reply #120 on: February 04, 2009, 02:12:13 PM »
Good read, grabbed from another board:

The Pharmacology Of Anabolic Steroids

Written by By Dan Gwartney, MD
Wednesday, 28 January 2009

Good Read, Emmortal.

I'm going to make this a sticky.



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I'm a ghost in these killing fields...