Growth Hormone first discovered in 1920's - Anthony Roberts

[jedibrat]

Growth Hormone

Posted by Anthony Roberts in Featured Articles, Steroid News
Growth Hormone

Aug 28, 2011

Growth hormone, although it’s been making more headlines today than ever before, is not a new drug – it was first described in the 1920′s and within a few decades, isolated as somatotropin. By 1956, it had been established to increase nitrogen retention in humans (Lancet 1958; 1: 720–1.), an undisputed marker of the anabolic process.

Growth hormone is a protein-based 191-amino acid single-chain polypeptide hormone secreted by somatotroph cells found in the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland, under hyperthalamic. It’s function is to stimulate cellular growth and reproduction, and is secreted in greater amounts earlier in life, declines sharply by the 20s, and continues to decline throughout life.  Specifically, the term Somatotropin refers to naturally occuring growth hormone 1 (“growth hormone one“), also known as hGH, and Somatropin refers to growth hormone produced by recombinant DNA technology, known as rhGH. In other words, the stuff that comes in vials, and is injected by athletes and bodybuilders is technically rhGH, but the terms GH and hGH, and even rhGH are often used interchangeably in the media. Because rhGH and hGH are identical down to the molecular level, detection of exogenous (outside) use of rhGH by chemical distinction is impossible.

However, recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are synthesized through molecular cloning, but appear identical (in your body) to the molecule they’re replicating. The molecules from all organisms share the same chemical structure, but with differing nucleotide sequences. Think of these molecules like a paragraph from your favorite book . You could, theoretically, take another book and cut out various words and letters, and ultimately recreate a verbatim copy of that paragraph. That’s kind of how rDNA cloning works, and it’s how we arrive at end products like rhGH. When your body reads the paragraph, it reads it the same way you would have read the original paragraph from the book it was taken.

Growth hormone deficiency manifests in children as a variety of growth disorders and in adults as adult growth hormone deficiency. Currently, the treatment of these disorders is the only legal use for growth hormone in the United States. But athletes and bodybuilders have been using it for decades to increase strength & lean body mass, while decreasing body fat.

But only recently has the scientific community has recognized the fact that they have been woefully behind the times when it comes to identifying anabolic agents:

    GH was recommended in “The Underground Steroid Handbook” in 1983 as “a new and exiting anabolic agent” approximately 7 yr before any publication suggesting that this effect occurred in adults appeared in the scientific literature. – Gibney et. al, Endocrinology Review. 2007 Oct;28(6):603-24.

The 1984 Olympics were known in the underground athletic community as “The Growth Hormone Games” because they not only featured numerous athletes who were rumored to have been using the drug, but also because the games were held in Los Angeles, a Mecca of body-conscious athletes and actors, punctuated by Venice Beach, the epicenter of 1980′s performance enhancing drug use, and the birthplace not only or Arnold, but also of The Underground Steroid Handbook, The Anabolic Reference Guide, and the entire steroid subculture. To say that performance enhancing drugs were readily available to the athletes attending the ’84 Olympics, would be a vast understatement. And Growth Hormone was becoming the drug of choice for some high-profile football players in the area, and spreading like wildfire.

The anabolic (muscle building) effects of growth hormone are generally thought to be in its ability to increase circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I), which is primarily of hepatic (liver-derived) origin, but is also expressed in muscle as a direct result of mechanical stress (i.e. weight training). Growth hormone also causes the synthesis of IGF-I in most non-hepatic (*muscular) tissues, which is also thought to be a major contributor to its anabolic effect.

IGF-1 has been conclusively proven to increase muscle size and strength while decreasing body fat. Of this, there is no lingering question in the scientific commnity. Insulin-like growth factor-I has a profound anabolic effect on protein metabolism; it inhibits whole body protein breakdown and simultaneously stimulates protein synthesis (PMID: 8074213). IGF-1 use is typically cited as one of the major anabolics being used by top bodybuilders, and among top competitors, is considered a must-have compound for competition at the highest levels.

Although anti-doping officials denied that growth hormone did anything to enhance athletic performance, they quickly banned the substance. It wasn’t until a 1990 study published in the New England Journal of Medicine (N Engl J Med 1990; 323:1-6) that growth hormone entered the public consciousness. Table four, in that study, revealed the increases in muscle tissue and concomitant decreases in fat, experienced by elderly men taking the drug:

Still, as was the case with anabolic steroids, scientists denied that the drug could improve athletic performance. This led to a rapid deterioration of scientific credibility within the athletic and bodybuilding community, similar to what was seen with anabolic steroids (which the Physicians Desk Reference still fails to acknowledge will enhance athletic ability).

A Stanford University metastudy, published in the Annals of Internal Medicine (PMID: 18347346) attempted to figure out if growth hormone could improve performance. They analyzed previously published studies comparing participants receiving the hormone to those who didn’t;  27 studies involving 440 participants were examined.   The researchers concluded, apparently not understanding that muscle is good for athletes, that growth hormone use may hinder performance:

    Claims that growth hormone enhances physical performance are not supported by the scientific literature. Although the limited available evidence suggests that growth hormone increases lean body mass, it may not improve strength; in addition, it may worsen exercise capacity and increase adverse events. More research is needed to conclusively determine the effects of growth hormone on athletic performance.

Later, speaking to MSNBC, the lead researcher repeated her absurd claims:  “It doesn’t look like it helps and there’s a hint of evidence it may worsen athletic performance,” said Dr. Hau Liu,

However, in 2010, in the Annals of Internal Medicine (May 4, 2010, Vol. 152 no. 9 568-577) Growth Hormone administration was conclusively shown to increase athletic performance in sprinters, who got substantially faster in their 100m times:

    “…significantly reduced fat mass, increased lean body mass[and] significantly increased sprint capacity…”

Growth Hormone, therefore, was finally validated by WADA as being a genuine performance enhancing drug, after several decades of various scientists saying it may increase muscle and burn fat, but do nothing for performance (hint: a more muscular, less fat, first baseman, running back or shot putter,  or whatever, is a better than a less muscular more fat version). In metabolic terms, GH use causes a marked increase in lipolysis (fat burning) and Free Fatty Acid levels. After a meal, GH effects protein metabolism, causing increased protein synthesis and decreased whole-body and local-muscular  protein breakdown, while decreasing the rate of amino acid oxidation, and activating the mTOR pathway of anabolism (PMID: 19773097). It also prevents carbohydrates from being taken into fat tissue (PMID: 19800274), potentially becauseGH preferentially down-regulates the glucose transporter in adipose tissue. Growth Hormone administration also has beneficial effects on tendon and joint repair (PMID: 21403984).

Dosing strategies vary between athletes and sports, with a low end of 1-2iu/day being used by women or as an adjunct/anabolic enhancer (that takes advantage of GH’s synergy with testosterone). However, 4iu-8iu/day is closer to what we see with athletes and bodybuilders, with a dosing schedule of 1/1 (one day on, one day off), 5/2, or continuous (every day).

But however it’s being used, it has been well established that growth hormone will build muscle and burn fat in athletes, as well as enhance performance.

Period.

[gh15]

growth hormones first used in bodybuild late 60s in form of cadavars,, this was first use of it ,, it was experienented by arnold thus the hands ,, look at his hands thumb! it went to liar priest blood when he was very young early teens and take a look at his thumb,, its just not normal it is bone twisted the bone is very large for the size of body with him and with arnold who only experiented also bone is abnomal,,

it was used as cadavar until late 80s every serious bodybuilder,, many many females used to beg me for cadavar gh,, i had whores practically offer me 3 sums for cadavar gh and im talking about descrete 3 sum with any girl of my choice that they bring...as long as they can get a hook to cadavar,,

ask any bodybuild ,, they chased it like hot buns ,, they all said no! we dont want the 191 syntetic form we  want the cadavar,, until early 2000s still top female bodybuilders were looking for it in the candles trying to hook up with it ,,some did ,, but! now days its all 191 aa syntetic finaly ,, and thank god for that

liar priest is one of the worst abusers of cadavar hgh ,,

arnold experiemented with it

it was in bodybuilding since late 60s...so you can do your math and know who experiemnted with it ,, between late 60s nd 70s it was for medical usage ,,since early 80s it was circulating bodybuild full steam and since late 80s it was syntetic 192 and then 191 aa both

bodybuild = H O R M O N E S
gh15 approved

[Vince B]

Interesting article on Getbig for a change.

[trapz101]

Human Growth Hormone History 
 
 
 


Researchers first attempt at treating growth hormone deficiency was to purify bovine growth hormone (rBGH) for use in GH-deficient humans. Since the 1920�s, doctors have been using a purified form of bovine insulin to treat patients with type-1 diabetes. However, bovine somatotropin has a different molecular structure than human growth hormone, so this treatment was ultimately unsuccessful.

The first successful human treatment of growth hormone deficiency was in 1958. Maurice Raben, an endocrinologist at Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston, Massachusetts, was able to purify enough GH from the pituitary glands of an autopsied body to treat GH-deficiency in a 17-year-old boy. After hearing of Raben�s successful treatment, many endocrinologists began to make arrangements with local morgues in order to obtain the pituitary glands of autopsied cadavers. This form of growth hormone became known as cadaver-GH.

In 1960, the U.S. National Institutes of Health formed a branch called the National Pituitary Agency in order to better control the procurement and distribution of cadaver-GH. The National Pituitary Agency arranged for large scale procurement and purification of cadaver-GH and distributed it to select endocrinologists for the treatment of GH-deficiency in children. Several other countries followed by developing their own cadaver-GH controlling agencies.

Treatment for GH-deficiency in this manner was reserved for only the most severe cases. Only children who suffered from GH-deficiency were allowed treatment, and treatment ceased when a child reached a minimal height. For these reasons, few children were treated during the 20 years of cadaver-GH treatment.

In the late 1970�s, Swedish pharmaceutical company, Kabi, began to contract the purchase of pituitary glands from European hospitals for the first commercial GH product, Crescormon. Kabi advertised Crescormon with the slogan �Now you determine the need,� working off of the idea that treatment, until then, had been limited by government controlled agencies.

In 1985, four cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) were diagnosed in patients who had been treated with cadaver-GH in the 1960�s. By 2003, that number had risen to 26. The use of cadaver-GH quickly ceased upon the discovery of the similar GH treatments that each CJD-diagnosed individual received in their youth.

However, in 1981, American pharmaceutical company, Genentech, after collaborating with Kabi, developed the first synthetic human growth hormone. Known as recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH), this form of synthetic GH was produced using a biosynthetic process called Inclusion Body technology. Human growth hormone produced by Inclusion Body technology became known as somatrem. Later, an improved process of creating rhGH was developed called Protein Secretion technology. This method is the most common form of current HGH synthesis; it is known as Somatropin.