This is not retail buying.
Combination of both retail, institutional, and sovereign wealth funds.
We know for sure that long term retail Bitcoiners continue to HODL and accumulate Sats.
We know that some who were in and now out (in last cycle) are sensing its time to re-enter.
We also know that first time retail buyers are also entering, Mums and Dads and Taxi drivers etc becoming interested again.
With everyone HODLing, it does not take much additional demand to move price.
Of course we have more nimble family offices, HNWs, and hedge funds accumulating. And we see some larger wallets accumulating also (quite possibly institutional).
And we have evidence (and also rumors) that various Governments are buying (or considering - for example the sovereign wealth fund of Qatar is rumored to be poised to make a half trillion investment in Bitcoin - if that really happens, the impact on price, and on global interest in this asset, will be mind-blowing.)
But the really big driver, over time, in the immediate future, will be the US BTC ETF's. If we really see approvals next year, this will be a game changer in terms of funds consistently flowing in.