Most animals that are raised in captivity probably couldn't be transferred back to the wild, right? Curious. I know dogs, not rhinos and shit =P
Again, it depends on the species.....
Raptors are a great example. If the baby birds are allowed to imprint on humans, they stand a very good chance of not being able to survive in the wild statistically. Steps are taken while raising eggs of these types of birds to prevent imprinting on humans. And even with that said, I know of more than one Harris hawk that was hand raised that has escaped from captivity (one from a raptor education program, two from private falconers) who lived for months in the wild before being recaptured. All of the birds had lost about 10% of their bodyweight (you could argue they were "fat" before they escaped) and were hungry when they were recaptured, but none of them were worse for wear.
I know of several reptiles that have escaped after generations in captivity and lived with no ill effects. One of the best I can think of off the top of my head was a juvenile cream colored California kingsnake (obviously a mutation that was the product of human breeding) that a client of mine in New York City had escape when they let a friend watch it during spring break. This friend lived over a popular resteraunt in that part of the city. The snake was recaptured in October, literally almost twice the size it was when it escaped. We identified the snake based on pictures (all California kingsnakes have a unique color pattern that stays the same throughout their life). It had doubled in weight and was several inches longer. I had a really hard time convincing those owners that their snake had an obvious large food source readily available (ie that resteraunt had a rat/mouse problem
. They couldn't understand that.
I've successfully released white tailed deer, rabbits, squirrels, coyotes, raccoons, opossums and other animals that I've personally bottlefed and raised from newborn to adulthood through the wildlife center and other places I've worked. There are also "training" programs done for alot of these animals---some of which seem to work very well, others which don't. Basically once the animal is weaned, they are forced to forage for food under supervision. I have seen some animals (raccoons and possums) that seem to become nuisances after being released because they've lost their fear of humans. The bottom line is it really, really depends on the individual animal and the species involved. There are no cut and dry rules that fit all animals across the board.