intelligence and amount of schooling arent the same thing...
hope this helps...
you're exactly right, but for purposes of doing a study one has to make operational definitions (Ex: For the purposes of this study, intelligence will be defined as years of schooling). This is to create a general average that can be generally accepted, and also it is used because years of schooling is a simple number that can be quantified and easily put into the SPSS program used to find correlations and also to control for other factors found in the data (Income, race, marriage status, etc etc).
I don't think you all are realizing that this is what it takes to do a study. It's not news to any adult that education doesn't
exactly equal intelligence. It is just as difficult to find an operating definition for "intelligence" as it is to find what is "liberal", etc. Of course there are other problems with this correlation like I've already stated. "Maybe liberal minded people tend to enjoy school more than nonliberals so they continue to get more schooling" "maybe intelligent people do actually favor liberalism" "maybe many years of schooling makes a person liberal if higher level academics is liberal biased" "maybe the person lied about how many years they really were in school" "maybe many years in school don't equate to actual higher education (such as 6 years on a BA)". There are tons of problems with doing a simple correlation, which is why it would be hard to find a published study on just a simple correlation that takes 20 minutes or less to do in SPSS. The fact is that there is a correlation when controlling for other factors (Income, race, etc...but then again, how do we know we controlled for all possible factors?).
To put the correlation in safe terms would be something along the lines of: In a comparison of individuals, those who attended higher education are more likely to have liberal political ideals than those individuals who attended lower education.
We cannot establish causation. There are problems with operational definitions of certain words such as "higher education" "lower education" "liberal political ideals" (which would be explicitly spelled out within the study analysis). We have to make sure we controlled for likely factors, etc etc. This is how studies are generally done.