The second big push with the toe shoes, specifically the Vibram 5 finger types was around 2006 or so. Originally they started out as deck shoes for working around light rigging maybe 10 - 15 years ago. Then around 2006 the barefoot runners started to look at them, before that they were going barefoot, using wrestling shoes, moccasins, the thin Asics tigers, Nike Cortezes, or maybe Frees. The Vibrams seemed like the closest to barefeet.
The Barefoot thing coincides nicely with Crossfit because they were both gaining steam then, and inside of Crossfit there was a large contingent of trainers that jumped on the Barefoot bandwagon as it became popular. That is where I think many regular folks came to find out about the "goofy fucking toe shoes" as I once heard them described. There use to be multi page threads on them there, searching out colors , etc...... just like your average kid discussing a new pair of Nike AF's.
While there may of been some narrow sporting influence to them years ago, they're now just your average aging hipster's 15 minutes of fame shoe, much like the Sketchers Shape Ups (which actually bit that design from the much smaller MBT shoes).