Blacks have mean testosterone levels 19% higher than in whites. This is why 1-in-4 Black men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer but only 1-in-8 White men and 1-in-13 Asian men will. Testosterone is associated with impulsive, aggressive and violent behavior. The most aggressive animal on the planet is the Bull Shark, which has the highest testosterone levels.
Collectively, Whites and Asians have been more destructive. But that is a simple function have capability of creating better weapons because of higher intelligence, and having a superior capacity to organize into large armies which is also an effect of greater intelligence and ability to subordinate the self. Although tribal conflict is endemic to sub-Africa, Blacks have been unable to invent weapons or assemble themselves into large forces. Greater Black criminality requires that only individual Blacks be on average more aggressive than individual Whites. The very individual aggressiveness that yields a higher Black crime rate also obstructs the formation of effective Black armies.
Blacks are only 13% of the U.S. population, yet commit 50% of the gun homicides according to the CDC. If Blacks were removed from the equations the U.S. gun homicide rate would be equal to Great Britain's, who have some of the most restrictive gun control laws in the world. Therefore, the U.S. has a Black problem, not a gun problem.
Blacks also have the highest rates of the dysfunctional version of the MAOA gene which does not produce a protein needed to break down old serotonin in their brains. Tihs causes them to be agitated, aggressive and impulsive. The popular term for this is the "warrior gene" which could be considered propaganda to put a positive spin on those who possess this dysfunctional trait.
Comprehensive Psychiatry published a large study on the rates at which black and white Americans carry shortened, or dysfunctional, MAOA genes.
The gene can come in the form of 2, 3, 3.5, 4, or 5 allele. A 3-repeat allele is considered dysfunctional and is what is referred to as the “warrior gene”. A 2-repeat allele is considered very dysfunctional. People with a 2-repeat allele MAOA gene have a permanent chemical imbalance in their brain making the person more likely to be agitated, aggressive, and impulsive.
According to the study published in Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34.6% of Whites and 53.4% of Blacks have 2-repeat allele or less. However, only .5% of whites have the 2-repeat allele version compared to 4.7% of blacks.
That means Blacks are 9.4 times more likely to have the extremely dysfunctional version of the gene than Whites. Considering that Black Americans are 9 times more likely to commit murder, this is very significant.
Other studies have shown even higher rates of occurrence of the 2-repeat (2R) allele version of the gene in Blacks.
It was discovered that Black males carrying 2R were more likely to be involved in extreme violence (shooting and stabbing) than Black men with other MAOA variants. The relationship between the rare MAOA version and antisocial behaviors has raised eyebrows because, quite simply, this gene is not distributed equally across ethnic groups. In the Add Health database, 5.5% of African American men, 0.9% of Caucasian men, and 0.00067% of Asian men have 2R.
The association between 2R and committing a shooting or stabbing crime was statistically significant. The MAOA-2R has become a symbol of a new era in behavioral genetics research — an era that has reintroduced race into the nature versus nurture debate over the source of ethnic behavioral differences
Notes: There are other genes associated with violent and/or impulsive behavior. The MAOA gene is only one of them. However, the effects of a shortened MAOA gene are well documented. The chemical imbalance its creates can be observed in a laboratory.
Blacks possess 10x more of the dysfunctional MAOA (or "warrior gene") that is associated with violent and/or impulsive behavior.
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Racial differences in the androgen/androgen receptor pathway in prostate cancer.
Black men were found to be exposed to higher circulating testosterone levels from birth to about age 35 years. Collectively, these data strongly suggest racial differences within the androgen/androgen receptor pathway not only exist but could be one cause of clinically observed differences in the biology of prostate cancer among racial groups.
J Natl Med Assoc. Dec 1999; 91(12): 653–660.
PMCID: PMC2608588
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Serum testosterone levels in healthy young black and white men.
Blacks in the United States have the highest prostate cancer rate in the world and nearly twice that of whites in the United States. The 2:1 black-to-white ratio in prostate cancer rates is already apparent at age 45 years, the age at which the earliest prostate cancer cases occur. This finding suggests that the factor(s) responsible for the difference in rates occurs, or first occurs, early in life. Testosterone has been hypothesized to play a role in the etiology of prostate cancer, because testosterone and its metabolite, dihydrotestosterone, are the principal trophic hormones that regulate growth and function of epithelial prostate tissue. Mean testosterone levels in blacks were 19% higher than in whites, and free testosterone levels were 21% higher. Both these differences were statistically significant. A 15% difference in circulating testosterone levels could readily explain a twofold difference in prostate cancer risk.
J Natl Cancer Inst. 1986 Jan;76(1):45-8.
PMID: 3455741
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Adjusted bone density at various skeletal sites was 4.5–16.1% higher for black than for white men and was 1.2–7.3% higher for black than for white women.
Many have hypothesized that genetically determined differences in skeletal metabolism account for racial differences in bone density; this hypothesis is supported by studies that show racial differences in calciotropic hormones and bone turnover markers. Compared with white persons, black persons have lower urinary calcium excretion, higher 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1, 25D) level, and lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D) and osteocalcin level. Moreover, bone biopsies in black persons have shown lower bone turnover.
Gonadal steroids may account for gender differences and for racial differences in bone density. Regardless of cause, it is generally agreed that lower estrogen level results in lower peak bone mass. Positive associations between bone density and serum estrogen and androgen level have been reported in young women.
A positive association between androgen level and bone density exists in young men also. Black persons may differ from white persons in sex hormone level. Two studies have demonstrated statistically significantly higher serum testosterone level in young adult black men and women.
Our study tested whether racial differences in bone density could be explained by differences in bone metabolism and lifestyle. Accordingly, we measured most of the clinical and biochemical variables believed to be related to skeletal health in young adult black and white men and women.
Racial Differences in Bone Density between Young Adult Black and White Subjects Persist after Adjustment for Anthropometric, Lifestyle, and Biochemical Differences
Bruce Ettinger, Stephen Sidney, Steven R. Cummings, Cesar Libanati, Daniel D. Bikle, Irene S. Tekawa, Kimberly Tolan, and Peter Steiger
Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, 3505 Broadway, Oakland, California 94611-5714.
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Blacks also have significantly lower cortisol levels
In this study, racial/ethnic differences in diurnal salivary cortisol rhythms in 179 preadolescent youths and the contributing roles of SES risk, psychosocial risk, perceived discrimination, harsh parenting, and parental monitoring were examined. The analyses revealed racial/ethnic differences in diurnal cortisol rhythms, with African Americans having significantly flatter morning-to-evening cortisol slopes than Caucasians and with Latinos having significantly lower evening cortisol levels than Caucasians. Greater psychosocial risk and less parental monitoring were associated with flatter cortisol slopes. Racial/ethnic differences on the cortisol measures persisted when controlling for SES, psychosocial risk, and parenting quality.
PMID: 22414445 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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Blacks are also prone to extreme alcoholism.
In a blinded study, 159 subjects composed of nonalcoholics (N = 43), less severe alcoholics (N = 44), severe alcoholics (N = 52) and young children of alcoholics (CoAs, N = 20) were studied for their allelic association with the D2 dopamine receptor (D2DR) gene utilizing peripheral lymphocytes as the DNA source. The combined alcoholic group compared to the nonalcoholic group showed a significantly greater association with the A1 allele of the D2DR gene. Furthermore, an even more robust association was found when severe alcoholics were compared to nonalcoholics. CoAs also showed a significantly greater association with the A1 allele than nonalcoholics but not when compared to alcoholics. Analysis of risk of alcoholism severity suggests that it comprises of two independent components: family history of alcoholism and presence of the A1 allele. Genotype and allelic frequency of the D2DR gene were also analyzed with respect to race. A higher percentage of blacks compared to whites had the A1/A1 genotype, and A1 allelic frequency in the total sample of blacks was significantly greater than in the total sample of whites. Moreover, frequency of the A1 allele was significantly greater in severe alcoholics compared to nonalcoholics in both whites and blacks.
PMID: 1839129 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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Blacks are also more affected by Alzheimer's disease.
Clinical Alzheimer's disease in African-Americans was much more likely to involve pathologies other than Alzheimer's disease pathology. African-Americans also had more frequent and severe blood vessel disease.
"Our study has important clinical implications because it may suggest a need for different types of Alzheimer's prevention and treatments in African-Americans. Indeed, current Alzheimer's drugs primarily target specific Alzheimer pathologies in the brain. Given the mixed pattern of disease that we see in African American brains, it will be important to develop new treatments that target these other common pathologies, particularly for African-Americans," said Barnes.
Date:July 15, 2015
Source:Rush University Medical Center
Summary:Alzheimer’s disease may cause different changes in the brain, or pathologies, in African-Americans than in white Americans of European descent, according to a new study.
1.Lisa L. Barnes, Sue Leurgans, Neelum T. Aggarwal, Raj C. Shah, Zoe Arvanitakis, Bryan D. James, Aron S. Buchman, David A. Bennett, and Julie A. Schneider. Mixed pathology is more likely in black than white decedents with Alzheimer dementia. Neurology, July 2015 DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001834
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Blacks and Whites have different fingerprint patterns.
Ridges patterns are different in people of European and African ancestry. Researchers have found there are distinct differences in how fingerprint ridges split between people of European and African ancestry.
The researchers, whose work is published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, examined the right index fingerprints of 243 individuals. They looked at both the level one details, such as pattern types and ridge counts, and the level two details, which are more specific variations such as bifurcations – where ridges split - ridge endings and other structures.
They analysed the prints of 61 African American women, 61 African American men, 61 European American women and 60 European American men.
While they could not find any significant differences between men and women, they did find significant differences in the level two details of fingerprints between people of European and African descent.
Professor Ross, who worked on the project with student Nichole Fournier, said: 'The Level 2 detail that was significant for ancestry was total bifurcations.
'The frequency of total number of bifurcations differed significantly between groups with African Americans showing a higher frequency of this trait.'
This meant that black people tended to have around 5 per cent more bifurcations than those who were white.
--American Journal of Physical Anthropology
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A new forensic test can detect the ethnicity and gender of someone using nothing but a single hair, and in less than two minutes no less, according to a new study.
The study, published in the Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, details how a new tool designed by scientists has shown a 100 percent success rate in identifying ethnicity using a strand of hair.
This test reportedly trumps DNA testing currently used by law enforcement - which traditionally relies on blood to determine factors like gender and ethnicity. According to Queen's University, the new test and tool also works in a fraction of the time of standard blood testing, getting highly accurate results in about 85 seconds with a 100 percent success rate.
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Blacks have higher levels of creatine kinase
Creatine kinase is expressed at high levels in muscle, where it plays a central role in energy metabolism. Highly elevated creatine kinase levels in blood may indicate muscle trauma or disease. However, it is known that baseline creatine kinase levels are higher in African Americans than in whites and that they are higher in men than in women.
Creatine kinase levels varied according to ethnic origin, gender, and age. African American participants had higher median creatine kinase levels than did individuals of the 3 other ethnicities. Within each ethnic group, men had higher median creatine kinase levels than women: African Americans, 135 versus 73 U/L; whites, 64 versus 42 U/L; Hispanics, 69 versus 48 U/L; and South Asians, 74 versus 50 U/L. An age-dependent decrease in creatine kinase levels was noted among men, but no such trend was seen among women. The median creatine kinase levels for younger African American men exceeded the standard upper limit of normal.
Am J Med. 2009 Jan;122(1):73-8. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.08.033.
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Mass and Serial Killers
Mass Killers:
There have been 70 mass shooters since 1982.
45 by whites, 11 by blacks, 6 by Asians, 4 by Latinos, 3 by Native American.
Per capita:
Whites make up 77.7% of the populations and 64% of the shootings -13.7
Latinos make up 17.1% of the populations and 5.7% of the shootings -11.4
Blacks make up 13.2% of the populations and 15% of the shootings +1.8
Asians make up 5.3% of the populations and 8.5% of the shootings +3.2
Native Americans make up 1.2% of the populations and 4% of the shootings +2.8
Serial Killers:
According to the FBI 90 percent of serial killers are male, and 46 percent of those are white.
Black serial killers have comprised over half of documented serial killers since the dawn of the 21st century at 56 percent, making up a total of 40 percent in years dating back to 1900.
As Blacks are only 13% of the U.S. population they are heavily over-represented as serial killers.
Criminal profiler Pat Brown says serial killers are usually reported as white because the media typically focuses on "All-American" white and pretty female victims who were the targets of white male offenders, that crimes among minority offenders in urban communities, where crime rates are higher, are under-investigated, and that minority serial killers likely exist at the same ratios as white serial killers for the population. She believes that the myth that serial killers are always white might have become "truth" in some research fields due to the over-reporting of white serial killers in the media.
According to some sources, the percentage of serial killers who are African American is estimated to be between 13 and 22 percent. Another study has shown that 16 percent of serial killers are African American, what author Maurice Godwin describes as a "sizeable portion". However, the 2013 Radford/FGCU Serial Killer Database annual statistics show, for the decades 1900–2010, that the percentage of African American serial killers is 40.7%. Popular racial stereotypes about the lower intelligence of African-Americans, and the stereotype that serial killers are white males with "bodies stacked up in the basement and strewn all over the countryside" may explain the media focus on serial killers that are white and the failure to adequately report on those that are black.
Child Molesters:
Myth: Whites Are More Likely to be Pedophiles and Child Molesters
There is a long-standing myth that Whites are more likely to molest children than any other race. This goes back to some stereotype of the creepy, nerdy, weirdo White guy who can’t get laid so he molests kids.
% of total child abusers:
White 51%
African American 25%
Hispanic 15%
American Indian/Alaska Natives 2%
Asian/Pacific Islanders 1%
Relative to their population, likelihood of child abuse compared to background population rate:
American Indian +100%
Blacks +92%
Hispanics no difference
Whites -35%
Asian -67%
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FBI Table 43 (2013)
Blacks are 13 percent of the population and commit 32.5% of all crimes against family and children. That is 2.5 times their population.
Whites are 66 percent of the population and commit 65% of all crimes against family and children. That is 1 times their population.
Therefore, a Black is 2.5 times more likely to be a pedophile than a White.
