Genes, genes, genes... biology.
Sex (and race) and crime:
https://www.unz.com/article/the-biology-of-sex-and-crime/I always leave a little room for doubt but I'm convinced so far that genes explain so much.
From the article
a greater proportion of Black males are incarcerated in prisons and mental institutions than males of any other racial or ethnic group. Additionally, Black males of all ages die at higher rates than white or Asian males from homicides, alcoholism, drug overdoses and accidents.
A literature review quoted by Prof. Walsh notes:
Several studies of African American communities describe black women’s distrust of black men, and their assumption that most black men are “naturally” or inherently bad, sinful and untrustworthy — particularly in their relationships with black women.
The author also cites a survey of married women that found only 36 percent of lower-class black women would marry again if they had to start their lives over; the figure for white women was 100 percent. One important factor Prof. Walsh does not mention is the effect of American welfare law, with its “man in the house” rule limiting benefits to fatherless families. Obviously, this creates a powerful incentive to start and maintain such families. Some combination of a naturally fast life strategy in blacks and the perverse incentives of welfare policy have created massive fatherlessness among black Americans, and it is the proximate cause of much black criminality.
ConclusionAlthough Prof. Walsh deals with race at any length only in his final chapter on sex ratios, all of Sexuality and Crime demonstrates the importance of biology as an explanatory factor in the human sciences. The hold of the environmentalist model on the minds of mainstream criminologists must be very strong for them to forego the explanatory power the author draws from the biological sciences. If Anthony Walsh has no such ideological inhibitions, it may in part be because he worked as a police officer and probation officer for many years before turning to academic criminology in his forties.
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