The scholars seem to agree: Cleopatra was the last in a line of Ptolemies–Macedonian Greeks(Whites)–who ruled Egypt from the death of Alexander the Great in 305 B.C. until Antony’s defeat in the battle of Actium in 31 B.C. The Ptolemies, as was the custom, were an incestuous, intermarrying peoples (to preserve the royal bloodline),also often having relations with the courtiers and concubines who filled their palaces. Many of the children born of these unions were given a place in the royal lineage despite being illegitimate, the secret unspoken.
Many believe that Cleopatra’s father was the product of such a union – his mother may have been a concubine from Nubia(Black) or Alexandria(White). Lending credence to this theory is the fact that Cleopatra’s bond to the people of Egypt seemed greater than those of her Ptolemic ancestors, who aligned themselves culturally and linguistically with Greece.
MODERN ETHNIC SAMPLINGS OF ARAB (SEMITIC WHITES) COMPARED TO BLACKS
Arab (Semitic Whites) Americans: Lebanese heritage: Ralph Nader, Jamie Farr (Klinger on Mash), and the late Danny Thomas.
Arab (Semitic White) Americans: Egyptian heritage: Dina Powell, Rami Malek
compared to:
MIXED: half Arab (Semitic White) – Egyptian/ half Black (Sudanese/ Nubian/ Kemetian) : Anwar Sadat
Black Americans: Bill Cosby, Denzel Washington, and, Will Smith
Clearly, you can tell the sets of men and one woman, do NOT fit in the same ethnic classification. The late Anwar Sadat, was half Arab (Semitic White) – Egyptian and half Black (Sudanese), many of the same features attributed to King Tut, whom most likely, was also biethnic.
When Blacks and Egyptians (Arab Semitic Whites) intermarry, Black traits do dominate (i.e. – Anwar Sadat – (Egyptian Arab Semitic White Father – Black Sudanese mother)).
WHAT GENETIC EVIDENCE IS THERE?
A sampling of ethnicities in Egypt:
http://mathildasanthropologyblog.wordpress.com/2008/07/22/the-faces-of-ancient-egypt/The following link also shows the DNA pattern of Ancient and Modern Egyptians whom were Arab Semitic White, NOT Black or even Hamitic(long outdated and proven wrong):
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/history_in_africa/v032/32.1keita.pdfArabs have the following Haplotypes F, J1(most common & J2), L3, and V-most common among Ancient(mummy DNA testing) and Modern Egyptians, signifying they are Arab Semitic White.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous_haplogroup_membershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_V_(mtDNA)
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_200606/ai_n17175647/Bottom line, Blacks and Arabs are two different ethnicities ANY way you cut it – genetically and by anthropological measurements.
J1 one only identifies a White person as Arab Semitic versus Indo European Aryan, but Arabs have all the other Caucasian markers. Only those whom are MIXED have J1, White and Black haplomarkers.
There is proof, of course, of admixtures to. Afro centrists often attempt to portray the Nubians as the above peoples against anthropological measurements and DNA testing(haploid markers). Genetic flow indicates a flux out of, and, BACK into Africa. Ethiopia and Sudan are each 1/3 Arab Semitic White – admixtures of Black/Arab gives these peoples a more or less Caucasian looking features. The presence of haplomarker J1 in many of the Somalis and Ethiopians negates the theory of Caucasian features falling in the ethnic variation of Blacks and indicates an Black/ Arab Semitic White admixture.The further South into Sub Sahara, the stronger the Black genetic influence and the further North into North Africa, the stronger the Arab Semitic White genetic influence. In between, exists the admixtures, not just Arab Semitic White, but all ethnicities.
Because peoples originate in Africa, does NOT mean they were Black. Two forms of Homo sapiens(modern humans are a subclassification, Homo sapiens sapiens), both extinct, existed at the same time- Idaltu (had Negroid/ Black features), and, Cro Magnon (had Caucasoid/ White features). Personally, I still favor the old theory, that the ethnicities had different origins at the same time, otherwise, the ethnicities all would have shown gradual changes instead of clearly different ethnicities whom show some overlapping of ethnicities/ characteristics:
ETHNIC HAPLOMARKERS
Caucasoid – E (only subclade E1b1b is a Caucasoid marker-all other sublades of E are Negroid haplomarkers), F(Semites), H, I, J (Semites-1 & 2), K, L3 (Semites), T, U, V (Semites), W, X, Y
Mongoloid(anthropologists now include American Indians (Red) and Malaysians (Brown) ethnicities in this group – C, D, F, G, O, Q, S- American Indians also have A, B, and, X
Negroid – A, B , E (except for subclade E1b1b which is a Caucasoid haplomarker), L1 & L2, M & N – all groups have these, but certain subclades are restricted to Blacks – presence of N in Blacks is not clearly defined and is possibly considered due to genetic back flow rather than present normally
M, N – is present in ALL ethnicities, but certain subclades are restricted to only Blacks
P, R, Z – Caucasoid and Mongoloids only, not Blacks
E1a and E2 are found almost exclusively in Africa, and only E1b1b is observed in significant frequencies in Europe and western Asia in addition to Africa. Most SUB-SAHARAN AFRICANS belong to subclades of E OTHER than E1b1b, while MOST NON-AFRICANS who belong to haplogroup E belong to its E1b1b subclade. Greeks and Romans have Indo European Aryan White DNA (haploid) markers and the Ancient and Modern Egyptians have Arab Semitic White DNA(haploid) markers- subclade E1b1b. Arabs in North Africa are Semitic White, and, technically, can be called White, not, Black, Africans. Greece and Rome are a part of Europe, so Greeks and Romans would be called Indo European Aryan White. According to Wikipedia, “Most Sub-Saharan Africans belong to subclades of E other than E1b1b, while most non-Africans who belong to haplogroup E belong to its E1b1b subclade.” (Citing Fulvio Cruciani et al, Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E1b1b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa, Am. J. Hum. Genet, p. 74)
The first lineage to branch off from Mitochondrial Eve is L0. This haplogroup is found in high proportions among the San of Southern Africa, the Sandawe of East Africa. It is also found among the Mbuti people. These groups branched off early in human history and have remained relatively genetically isolated since then. Haplogroups L1, L2 and L3 are descendents of L0 and are largely confined to Africa. The macro haplogroups M and N, which are the lineages of the rest of the world outside Africa, descend from L3.
Scientists refer to L0 as the first offshoot of Mitochondrial Eve, estimated to have lived in East Africa approximately 150,000 to 170,000 years ago. Haplogroup L0 consist of five main branches (L0a, L0b, L0d, L0f, L0k). Four of them were originally classified into haplogroup L1 as L1a, L1d, L1f, and L1k.
Some scientists used to refer to L0 as an extinct haplogroup, but since then scientists have identified haplogroups L0-L6 as existing in living humans.
The formerly named L1 branches (L1d, L1k, L1a, L1f) have been re-classified into haplogroup L0 as L0d, L0k, L0a and L0f. Haplogroup L1 is believed to have first appeared in East Africa approximately 150,000 to 170,000 years ago. Haplogroup L1 is a daughter of Mitochondrial Eve like her sister haplogroup L0. L1 and sisters haplogroups L2, L3, L4, L5, and L6 are distinguished from L0 by genetic markers at 182, 1048, 4312, 6185, 11914, and 12007.
It is found most commonly in the Sub – Saharan Africa. It reaches its highest frequency in the !Kung people at 69%.
L1 has two branches- L1b and L1c. L1b is most frequent in West Africa. L1c is more common amongst the Bantu and Semi-Bantu speakers of west-central tropical Africa.
Haplogroup L0a is most prevalent in South – East African populations (25% in Mozambique). Among Guineans, it has a frequency between 1% and 5%, with the Balanta group showing increased frequency of about 11%. Haplogroup L0a has a Paleolithic time depth of about 33,000 years and likely reached Guinea between 10,000 and 4,000 years ago. It also is often seen in the Mbuti and Biaka-pygmies.
Haplogroups L0b is found mostly amongst West Africans.
Haplogroup L0f is present in relatively small frequencies in East Africa.
Haplogroups L0d and L0k are typical for Khoisan tribes in South Africa.
Indeed, not only were many women alive at the same time as Mitochondrial Eve but many of them have living descendants through their sons. While the mtDNA of these women is gone, their Nuclear genes are present in today’s population.
What distinguishes Mitochondrial Eve (and her matrilineal ancestors) from all her female contemporaries is that she has a purely matrilineal line of descent to all humans alive today, whereas all her female contemporaries with descendants alive today have at least one male in every line of descent. Because mitochondrial DNA is only passed through matrilineal descent, all humans alive today have mitochondrial DNA that is traceable back to Mitochondrial Eve.
Furthermore, it can be shown that every female contemporary of Mitochondrial Eve either has no living descendant today or is an ancestor to all living people. Starting with ‘the’ most recent common ancestor (MRCA) at around 3,000 years ago, one can trace all ancestors of the MRCA backward in time. At every ancestral generation, more and more ancestors (via both paternal and maternal lines) of MRCA are found. These ancestors are by definition also common ancestors of all living people. Eventually, there will be a point in the past where all humans can be divided into two groups: those who left no descendants today and those who are common ancestors of all living humans today. This point in time is termed the identical ancestors point and is estimated to be between 5,000 and 15,000 years ago. Since Mitochondrial Eve is estimated to have lived more than a hundred thousand years before the identical ancestors point, every woman contemporary to her is either not an ancestor of any living people, or a common ancestor of all living people.
Mitochondrial organelles, which contain mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), are passed only from mother to offspring. A comparison of DNA sequences from mtDNA in a population reveals a molecular phylogeny. Unlike mtDNA, which is outside the nucleus, genes containing nuclear DNA become recombined after being inherited from both parents, and therefore we can be statistically less certain about nuclear DNA origins than we can for mtDNA, which is only inherited from the mother. mtDNA also mutates at a higher rate compared to nuclear DNA, so it gives researchers a more useful, magnified view of the diversity present in a population, and its history.
Just as mitochondria are inherited matrilineally, Y-chromosomes are inherited patrilineally. Thus it is possible to apply the same principles outlined above to men. The common patrilineal ancestor of all humans alive today has been dubbed Y-chromosomal Adam. Importantly, the genetic evidence suggests that the most recent patriarch of all humanity is much more recent than the most recent matriarch, suggesting that ‘Adam’ and ‘Eve’ were not alive at the same time. While ‘Eve’ is believed to be alive 140,000 years ago, ‘Adam’ lived only 60,000 years ago.
Homo sapiens is assumed to have speciated from Homo heidelbergensis in the period of 200,000 – 160,000. The fact that Mitochondrial Eve happens to be dated to precisely this period has been taken as evidence of a population bottleneck (e.g. – Toba catastrophe theory) giving rise to the human species. There are, however, many ways such family trees can be constructed. A tree can be constructed based on any gene, not just the mitochondrial DNA. When different such trees including the mtDNA tree are compared, no population bottleneck is found because different trees show different coalescent points. The inconsistencies between coalescent points indicate that there had been numerous gene interchanges between population groups around the world, even after the first exodus out of Africa. This idea forms the basis of Alan Templeton’s ‘Out of Africa Again and Again’ theory.
The Mitochondrial DNA provides another support for the Out of Africa hypothesis in the form of gene diversity. One finding not subject to interpretation is that the greatest diversity of mitochondrial DNA sequences exists among Africans. This diversity is believed to have accumulated because humans have been living longer in Africa than anywhere. Family trees (or “phylogenies”) constructed on the basis of mitochondrial DNA comparisons show that the living humans whose mitochondrial lineages branched earliest from the tree (L0) are prevalent among the San and the Mbuti people. The subsequent branches of L1, L2 and L3 are also largely confined to Africa, while only the macrogroups M and N, descended from L3, participated in the ancient migration(s) out of Africa.
The mutations defining macro-haplogroup CR (all Y haplogroups except A and B) predate the “Out of Africa” migration, its descendent macro-group DE being confined to Africa. The mutations that distinguish Haplogroup C from all other descendants of CR have occurred some 60,000 years ago, shortly after the first Out of Africa migration.
Haplogroup F originated some 45,000 years ago, either in North Africa (in which case it would point to a second wave of out-of-Africa migration) or in South Asia. More than 90% of males not native to Africa are descended in direct male line from the first bearer of haplogroup F.
Some 70 millennia ago, a part of the bearers of mitochondrial haplogroup L3 migrated from East Africa into the Near East.
Some scientists believe that only a few people left Africa in a single migration that went on to populate the rest of the world. It has been estimated that from a population of 2,000 to 5,000 in Africa, only a small group of possibly 150 people crossed the Red Sea. This is because, of all the lineages present in Africa, only the daughters of one lineage, L3, are found outside Africa. Had there been several migrations one would expect more than one African lineage outside Africa. L3’s daughters, the M and N lineages, are found in very low frequencies in Africa (although haplogroup M1 is very ancient and diversified in North and Northeast Africa) and appear to be recent arrivals. A possible explanation is that these mutations occurred in East Africa shortly before the exodus and by the founder effect became the dominant haplogroups after the exodus from Africa. Alternatively, the mutations may have arisen shortly after the exodus from Africa.
Other scientists have proposed a Multiple Dispersal Model, in which there were two migrations out of Africa, one across the Red Sea travelling along the coastal regions to India (the Coastal Route), which would be represented by Haplogroup M. Another group of migrants with Haplogroup N followed the Nile from East Africa, heading northwards and crossing into Asia through the Sinai. This group then branched in several directions, some moving into Europe and others heading east into Asia. This hypothesis attempts to explain why Haplogroup N is predominant in Europe and why Haplogroup M is absent in Europe. Evidence of the coastal migration is hypothesized to have been destroyed by the rise in sea levels during the Holocene epoch. Alternatively, a small European founder population that initially expressed both Haplogroup M and N could have lost Haplogroup M through random genetic drift resulting from a bottleneck (i.e. – a founder effect).
From the Near East, these populations spread east to South Asia by 50,000 years ago, and on to Australia by 40,000 years ago, Homo sapiens for the first time colonizing territory never reached by Homo erectus. Europe was reached by Cro-Magnon some 40 millennia ago. East Asia (Korea, Japan) was reached by 30,000 years ago. It is disputed whether subsequent migration to North America took place around 30 millennia ago, or only considerably later, around 14,000 years ago.
